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<header>
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<h1 class="title">LoRaWAN Signal Mapping - User Manual</h1>
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</header>
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<h1 id="msc-summer-project">Msc-Summer-Project</h1>
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<blockquote>
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<p>My Msc Summer Project</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>This repository contains my Masters-level summer project. The title is <em>LoRaWAN Signal Mapping</em>. The software contained here provides a complete system for mapping and visualising the signal coverage of <a href="https://thethingsnetwork.org/">The Things Network</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2>
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<p>The system is split up into 2 primary parts:</p>
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<ol type="1">
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<li>An Arduino program that collects the data.</li>
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<li>A Node.js program that stores and analyses the data</li>
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</ol>
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<p>It’s best explained with the aid of a diagram or two:</p>
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<p><img src="images/Manual%20Diagrams-Workflow.png" /></p>
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<p>The above flowchart describes the workflow when using the system:</p>
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<ol type="1">
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<li>First, the IoT device is turned on and the TTN Listener is launched.</li>
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<li>Then, the IoT device is taken around the target area that needs mapping. This can be done by anyone - the device does not require operation beyond turning it on and off once provisioned.</li>
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<li>Once the device has been carried around the target area, the <code>DATA.TSV</code> file on the IoT device’s microSD card is copied off and placed on the server.</li>
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<li>The server data processor is then run to fold the data into the database.</li>
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<li>The AI trainer is now run on the collected data</li>
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<li>The data is displayed in a web browser, with the help of a web server</li>
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</ol>
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<p>The flow of data during use can be shown using a diagram:</p>
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<p><img src="images/Manual%20Diagrams-Data%20Flow.png" /></p>
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<h2 id="system-requirements">System requirements</h2>
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<p>This software has a number of requirements in order to function properly:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>A Linux-based server (<em>Ubuntu Server LTS</em> is recommended), with the following installed:
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<ul>
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<li>Node.js v10+ with npm 6+ - see <a href="https://github.com/nodesource/distributions">this website</a> for instructions on how to install a recent version of Node.js (for the various application server stuff)</li>
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<li>Git (for cloning the code repository)</li>
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<li><code>awk</code> (for text processing by the build script)</li>
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<li>Bash v4+ (for the build script)</li>
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<li>PHP (for the temporary test web server; not otherwise used any static web server will do)</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li>Arduino IDE (for programming the IoT device)</li>
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<li>Git (for cloning the code repository)</li>
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<li></li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="getting-started">Getting Started</h2>
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<h3 id="step-0-initial-setup">Step 0: Initial setup</h3>
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<p>Before doing anything, clone this git repository to both the server (for the TTN listener etc.) and your local machine (for programming the IoT device):</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-1" title="1"><span class="fu">git</span> clone https://git.starbeamrainbowlabs.com/sbrl/Msc-Summer-Project.git</a></code></pre></div>
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<p><em>If you have somehow obtained a static copy of the code (e.g. through the University’s marking system), then skip the above and use that instead.</em></p>
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<p>Next, <code>cd</code> to the root of the repository and then run the setup task of the build script:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-1" title="1"><span class="ex">./build</span> setup</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>On Windows, this should be run in <em>Git Bash</em> (accessible from the start menu when <em>Git</em> is installed - don’t forget to <code>cd</code> to the root of the repository).</p>
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<h3 id="step-1-build-a-device">Step 1: Build a device</h3>
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<p>First, a device must be built and provisioned. See <code>HARDWARE.md</code> in this repository for detailed instructions on how to do this.</p>
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<p>Once built, copy <code>iot/main/settings.custom.cpp.example</code> to <code>iot/main/settings.custom.cpp</code> and follow the instructions fill in the fields there. To do this, you’ll need to register the device using ABP (Activation By Personalisation) on <em>The Things Network</em>. <a href="https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/devices/registration.html">This guide</a> tells you how to do this.</p>
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<p>It is suggested that the following Bash one-liner be used to generate a new encryption key in the right formats:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-1" title="1"><span class="fu">head</span> -c16 /dev/urandom <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="fu">od</span> -tx1 <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="fu">awk</span> <span class="st">'{ gsub(/^0+\s+/, "", $0); toml=$0; gsub(/\s+/, "", toml); print("settings.toml format: " toml); arduino=toupper($0); gsub(/\s+/, ", 0x", arduino); print("settings.custom.cpp format: 0x" arduino); exit }'</span></a></code></pre></div>
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<p><em>(Paste it into a terminal and hit enter)</em></p>
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<p>Then, review <code>iot/main/settings.h</code> to make sure it matches your setup (e.g. all the pin numbers are correct)</p>
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<p>Next, copy the folders in <code>iot/libraries</code> to your Arduino IDE libraries folder.</p>
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<p>Finally, open <code>iot/main/main.ino</code> in the Arduino IDE and program the IoT device itself.</p>
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<h3 id="step-2-the-things-network-setup">Step 2: The Things Network Setup</h3>
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<p><em>This step should be completed on the server.</em></p>
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<p>Once a device has been constructed, running the <em>The Things Network</em> listener is next. This requires giving the system the <em>The Things Network</em> credentials.</p>
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<p>Edit the file called <code>settings.toml</code> in the root of this repository (or create it if it doesn’t exist), and make sure it contains the following:</p>
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<pre class="toml"><code>[ttn]
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app_id = "{APPLICATION_ID}"
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access_key = "{TTN_ACCESS_ID}"
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encryption_key = "{ENCRYPTION_KEY_FROM_STEP_1}"
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port = 8883
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tls = true
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devices = [ "{DEVICE_NAME_FROM_TTN}" ]</code></pre>
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<p>The <code>app_id</code> and <code>access_key</code> can be obtained from <em>The Things Network Console</em>:</p>
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<p><img src="images/TTN-Main.png" /></p>
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<p>The device name can be obtained from step #1, when you registered the device with <em>The Things Network</em>. Alternatively, if the device is already registered, it can be obtained from the device list if you click the “X registered devices” text.</p>
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<p>With <code>settings.toml</code> filled in, you can now start TTN Listener:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb5-1" title="1"><span class="ex">./build</span> ttn-listener</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>….it will display an error message if you forgot a value.</p>
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<p>Now that the TTN listener is running, the IoT device can be carried around and data collected.</p>
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<h3 id="step-3-processing-the-data">Step 3: Processing the data</h3>
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<p><em>This step should be completed on the server.</em></p>
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<p>Once data has been collected by the IoT device, it can then be processed by the Node.js server application.</p>
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<p>Copy the <code>DATA.TSV</code> file from the IoT device’s microSD card to the root of the repository on the server. It is suggested that <code>scp</code> (Linux) or <a href="https://winscp.net/">WinSCP</a> be used to do this.</p>
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<p>Next, fold <code>DATA.TSV</code> into the database like so:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb6-1" title="1"><span class="ex">./build</span> process-data</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>Then, train the AIs on the collected data like this:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb7-1" title="1"><span class="ex">./build</span> train-ai</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>The architecture of the neural networks trained can be customised by editing <code>settings.toml</code>. Check <code>server/settings.default.toml</code> for a guide on the different options available.</p>
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<h3 id="step-4-viewing-the-ai-output">Step 4: Viewing the AI output</h3>
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<p>With the AIs trained, the browser-based web interface can be used to display the output as a map. Any static web server will do, but the build script has one built-in (if PHP is installed) for convenience:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb8-1" title="1"><span class="ex">./build</span> server</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>If an alternative server is to be used, it should serve the <code>app/</code> directory that can be found in the root of this repository.</p>
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<h2 id="credits">Credits</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Build Engine: <a href="https://gitlab.com/sbrl/lantern-build-engine">Lantern Build Engine</a> (written by me; proof available upon request)</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="iot-device">IoT Device</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Random number generation: <a href="https://github.com/taoyuan/Entropy">Entropy</a></li>
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<li>LoRa Modem Driver: <a href="https://github.com/matthijskooijman/arduino-lmic">LMiC</a></li>
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<li>MicroSD card access: <a href="https://github.com/greiman/SdFat">SdFat</a></li>
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<li>GPS Decoder: <a href="https://github.com/mikalhart/TinyGPS">TinyGPS</a></li>
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<li>Free memory analyser: <a href="https://github.com/mpflaga/Arduino-MemoryFree/">Arduino-MemoryFree</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="node.js-server">Node.js Server</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>AI: <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/brain.js">Brain.js</a></li>
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<li>Database access: <a href="https://github.com/JoshuaWise/better-sqlite3/">better-sqlite3</a></li>
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<li>Encryption: <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/aes-js">aes-js</a></li>
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<li>The Things Network Access: <a href="https://github.com/mqttjs/async-mqtt">async-mqtt</a></li>
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<li>Dependency Injection: <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/awilix">Awilix</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="web-interface">Web Interface</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Mapping Library: <a href="https://leafletjs.com/">Leaflet</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/SamHerbert/SVG-Loaders">Loading Animation</a></li>
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<li>Packaging system: <a href="https://rollupjs.org/">Rollup</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="useful-links">Useful Links</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Entropy extraction from the watchdog timer vs the internal clock: https://github.com/taoyuan/Entropy</li>
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</ul>
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